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department store.

A department store is a retail establishment which specializes in selling a wide range of products without a single predominant merchandise line. Department stores usually sell products including apparel, furniture, appliances, electronics, and additionally select other lines of products such as paint, hardware, toiletries, cosmetics, photographic equipment, jewellery, toys, and sporting goods. Certain department stores are further classified as discount department stores. Discount department stores commonly have central customer checkout areas, generally in the front area of the store. Department stores are usually part of a retail chain of many stores situated around a country or several countries.

History in St Petersburg, 1802.

Hudson's Bay Company in Canada was the first store to include departments; however, by modern standards, it would not be considered a department store because of the size and range of items that were stocked. The same may be said about Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg, which opened in 1785 and should probably be regarded as one of the first purposely-built shopping malls in the world, as it consisted of more than 100 shops covering an area of over 53,000 m².

The first true department store was founded by Aristide Boucicaut in Paris. He founded Le Bon Marché in 1838, and by 1852 it offered a wide variety of goods in "departments" inside one building. Goods were sold at fixed prices, with guarantees allowing exchanges and refunds. By the end of the 19th century, Georges Dufayel, a French credit merchant, had served up to three million customers and was affiliated with La Samaritaine, a large French department store established in 1870 by a former Bon Marché executive.

The oldest independent department store in the world, is 'Austin's' in Derry, Northern Ireland, which has maintained its original position on The 'Diamond' in Derry's city centre since 1830.

As Le Bon Marché evolved into a fully fledged department store in the early 1850s, Delany's New Mart opened in 1853 in Dublin, Ireland on Sackville Street (now O'Connell Street). What made Delany's different from most department stores of its time was its purpose-built nature; unlike others it had not evolved gradually from a smaller shop on site. Constructed to a lavish standard on the city's principal street, it was designed to rival the biggest and best in Europe. Acquired by the Clery family in the late 19th century, both the store and Imperial Hotel located in its upper floors were completely destroyed in the 1916 Easter Rising. However the store reopened in 1922, this time across numerous floors, as the famous Clerys department store that stands today, housed in a striking modern neoclassical building based on Selfridges of London.

Another claimant to the title of "World's first department store" is Bainbridges in Newcastle upon Tyne, founded in 1838 as a drapers and fashion shop but on record as collecting its takings by department as early as 1849. The ledger from that year still survives in the archives of the John Lewis Partnership who bought the store in 1952, and retained its original name until 2002 when the store was rebranded as John Lewis Newcastle.

In New York City in 1846, Alexander Turney Stewart established the "280 Broadway" on the east-Broadway (New York City), between Chambers and Reade streets. He offered European retail merchandise at fixed prices on a variety of dry goods, and advertised a policy of providing "free entrance" to all potential customers. Though it was clad in white marble to look like a Renaissance palazzo, the building's cast iron construction permitted large plate glass windows. In 1862 Stewart built a department store on a full city block at Broadway and 9th Street, opposite Grace Church, with eight floors and nineteen departments of dress goods and furnishing materials, carpets, glass and china, toys and sports equipment, ranged around a central glass-covered court. Within a couple of decades, New York's retail center had moved uptown, forming a stretch of retail shopping from "Marble Palace" that was called the "Ladies' Mile". In 1858 Rowland Hussey Macy founded Macy's as a dry goods store. Benjamin Altman and Lord & Taylor soon competed with Stewart as New York's first department stores, later followed by "McCreary's" and, in Brooklyn, "Abraham & Straus." (The Straus family would be in the management of both Macy's and A&S.)

department store in Paris, 1867.

Similar developments were under way in London (with Whiteleys), in Paris (with La Samaritaine) and in Chicago, where department stores sprang up along State Street, notably Marshall Field and Company, which was the second-largest department store in the world prior to converting to Macy's. In 1877, Wanamaker's opened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia's John Wanamaker performed a 19th century redevelopment to the former Pennsylvania Railroad terminal in that city and eventually opened a modern day department store in the building.

On March 1, 1869 Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution was opened in Salt Lake City as a new community store that became the first incorporated department store in America in 1870. A new 3-story brick and iron store was built in 1876, noted for its unique architecture and striped awnings. This store was replaced by an enclosed shopping center in 1973, and the new Zion department store preserved the gilt-edged ornate facade of the old store. In 1999 the May Department Stores bought a 14-store ZCMI chain and changed its name to "Meier & Frank", a May property with eight stores in Oregon and Washington. Subsequently May Department Stores completed a merger with Federated Department Stores and the Meier & Frank brand ZCMI stores have become Macy's stores, effective late 2006.

In 1881, Joseph Lowthian Hudson opened a small men's clothing store in Detroit. After 10 years he had 8 stores in the midwest and was the most profitable clothing retailer in the country. In 1893 he began construction of the immense department store at Gratiot and Farmer streets in Detroit. The 25-story tower was added in 1928, and a 12-story addition in 1946, giving the entire complex 49 acres of floor space. In 1954 the company became a suburban shopping center pioneer when it built Northland 13 miles northwest of Detroit. In 1969 it merged with the Dayton Corporation to create Dayton-Hudson headquartered in Minneapolis. George Dayton had founded his Dayton's Daylight store in Minneapolis in 1902 and the AMC cooperative in 1912, built the Southdale Shopping Center in 1956, and started the Target discount store chain in 1962. The new corporation closed the flagship Hudson department store in downtown Detroit in 1983, but expanded its other retail operations. It acquired Mervyn's in 1978, Marshall Field's in 1990, and renamed itself the Target Corporation in 2000.

By 1890 a new world of retailing had been created as department stores had a clear market position as universal providers. General stores eventually became department stores as small towns became cities. The most prominent department stores emerged from small shops. The department store created several of North America first large businesses. The department store is also largely responsible for the standard store design seen today, because of its size it required new building materials, glass technology and new heating, amongst other architectural innovations. The store layouts made shopping easier for consumers regardless of their social or economic background. The department store also offered new customer services never before seen such as restaurants, restrooms, reading rooms, home delivery, wrapping services, store hours, bridal registry, new types of merchandise displays and so forth.

Some department stores leased space to individual merchants, similar to the changes in late 17th-century London, but by 1900 the smaller merchants were purchased or eventually replaced by the larger companies. In this way they were very similar to our modern malls, where the property owner has no direct interest in the actual department store itself, other than to collect rent and provide utilities. Today only the most specialized departments are leased out, such as photography, photo finishing, automotive services or financial services. However, today this is rare, as most departments--even a store's restaurant--is usually run by the store itself.

Before the 1950s, the department store held an eminent place in both Canada and Australia, during both the Great Depression and World War II. Since then, they have suffered from strong competition from specialist stores. Most recently the competition has intensified with the advent of larger-scale superstores (Jones et al. 1994; Merrilees and Miller 1997). Competition was not the only reason for the department stores' weakening strength; the changing structure of cities also affected them. The compact and centralized 19th century city with its mass transit lines converging on the downtown was a perfect environment for department store growth. But as residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs, the large, downtown department stores became inconvenient and lost business to the newer suburban shopping malls.

Countries Argentina In Buenos Aires, upscale department stores came during the early years of the 20th century. Gath & Chávez opened in 1905 and Harrods Buenos Aires was established en 1922. Today, the Chilean department store Falabella is one of the most prominent in the country, with branches in Buenos Aires, Córdoba, San Juan, Mendoza, and Rosario.

Australia Although there were a number of department stores in Australia for much of the 20th Century, today Myer and David Jones Limited, located nationally, are practically the national department stores duopoly in Australia. Other retail chain stores such as Target (Australia), Kmart Australia and Big W, also located nationally, are considered to be Australia's discount department stores. Harris Scarfe (trading under the Allens (department store) brand in New South Wales and the ACT), though only operating in four states and one territory, is a department store using both the large full-line and small discount department store formats. Most department stores in Australia have their own credit card companies, each having their own benefits while the discount department stores do not have their own credit card rights.

Canada From its origins in the fur trade, the Hudson's Bay Company is the largest department store operator in Canada, and the oldest corporation in North America, with locations across the country. It also owns Zellers, another major Canadian department store. Other department stores in Canada are: Sears Canada, Walmart Canada, Canadian Tire and Holt Renfrew. Historically, department stores were a significant component in Canadian economic life, and chain stores such as Eaton's, Spencer's, and Woodward's were staples in their respective communities.

China Department stores first appeared in China at the beginning of the 20th Century, the concept said to be introduced by expatriate Chinese living in Australia. Before 1949, there were four main department stores in Shanghai: Wing On, Sincere, Sun Sun and Yat Sun; the first two still exist today.

During World War II patriotic sentiment in China had led to the formation of a number of department stores specializing in locally-made merchandise. These types of stores became the mainstay in China after the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

Both types of department stores have long had branches in Hong Kong; however Japanese department stores began to appear in the 1960s, and within a generation's time became the dominant force in the market. The Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s had resulted in the closures of some of these stores, but on the whole Hong Kong still has one of the world's most competitive retail markets.

El Salvador

Carrion
Dorian's, Mexican Department stores present only in Mexico and El Salvador.
Siman

Finland The most famous department store chains in Finland are Stockmann, a listed company, and Sokos, owned by a nationwide retailing cooperative. The Stockmann, Helsinki centre in central Helsinki is the biggest department store in the entire Nordic countries and a famous landmark of Helsinki.

France France's major department stores are Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps, which both have flagship stores on Boulevard Haussmann in Paris and branches around the country. Part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette, the BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville) has a more mid-market clientele. The oldest department store in France (and maybe in the world) is still Le Bon Marché in Paris. La Samaritaine was bought by LVMH and closed in 2005.

Indonesia Indonesia's largest department store chain is Ramayana with over ninety branches across the country. The same group also operated under Robinsons and Cayaha (acquired in 1990s), all targeting the lower income sectors. Other local department store is Matahari, now owned by Lippo Group. The group previously managed to trade under Mega M, Galeria and Walmart brands, all of which have been progressively closed. Soon, the group will be opening the first Parisian Department Store in Indonesia. The middle up segment is mainly occupied by Metro Department Store originated from Singapore and Sogo. In 2007 saw the re-opening of Jakarta's Seibu Department Stores, poised to be the largest and second most upscale department store in Indonesia after Harvey Nichols, which will be opened in 2008 at the same shopping centre.

Ireland Originally the Republic of Ireland had two department stores, Clerys and Arnotts (Ireland), the latter considered to be one of the five largest stores in Britain and Ireland. However several large retailers now own chains of department stores, such as:

Debenhams
Dunnes Stores
Marks & Spencer

The most upmarket chain is undoubtedly Brown Thomas, founded as a haberdasher's in 1849 on Dublin's Grafton Street. The company (which belongs to the same group as the UK's Selfridges or Canada's Holt Renfrew) bought its long time competitor across the street, Switzers, in 1995. BT then moved to the larger site. It also acquired and re-branded the former Switzer stores in Cork (formerly Cash's), Limerick (formerly Todd's) and Galway (formerly Moon's).

There are also many self-owned department stores around the country, especially in rural towns.

The British department store, Debenhams, purchased the Roches Stores chain in 2006, closed two stores and rebranded the others. The opening of the Dundrum Shopping Centre in Dublin's suburbs saw the arrival of two more British stores, House of Fraser and Harvey Nichols.

Japan Some of the largest department stores in Japan include Daimaru (J. Front Retailing), Hankyu Department Stores (H2O Retailing), Hanshin Department Store (H2O Retailing), Isetan (Mitsukoshi-Isetan Holdings), Marui, Matsuzakaya (J. Front Retailing), Matsuya, Mitsukoshi (Mitsukoshi-Isetan Holdings), Printemps Ginza, Seibu Department Stores (Millennium Retailing), Sogo (Millennium Retailing), Takashimaya, Tobu Department Store, and Tokyu Department Store (109). Many are owned and operated in conjunction with private railway companies. Recently, business integration has been successive.

Germany In Germany there are a number of department stores. There are three big department store companies, Karstadt (part of Arcandor AG, also operating the KaDeWe and two Wertheim department stores in Berlin and the Alsterhaus in Hamburg), Hertie and Kaufhof (part of the Metro AG). There are also some smaller independent department stores. Some department stores only sell clothing. The biggest clothing department store chain is C&A. Larger department stores in Germany usually contain a self-service restaurant, clothing departments, a toy department, a department for computer and electronics, a small book department (for bestsellers), a department for newspapers and magazines and a food department (like a supermarket).

One of the most famous department stores in Germany is the Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDeWe, German for department store of the west) which is located in Berlin.

Malaysia Since the 1980s, Malaysia has opened its doors to many foreign chains, such as Tesco, Carrefour, ÆON (JUSCO), Makro, Sogo, etc. All of these foreign stores must join ventures with local partners.

Many of home grown department store chains include Parkson, Giant, Metrojaya, Cold Storage, Sunshine (SuiWah), The Store, Kamdar, Mydin,Dua Puluh Sen (DPS) etc.

According to the Malaysian chart, Dua Puluh Sen has increase their quality of standard which lead them gaining market share in the retailing industry in Malaysia. This had made DPS the leading department store in Malaysia and also South East Asia.

Mexico Mexico has a number of department stores, including the Mexican chains Liverpool (store), El Palacio de Hierro, Suburbia, Fabricas de Francia, Dorian's, C&A, Sanborns, Sears Mexico. There are also foreign stores such as JCPenney, and Zara.

Panama Panama's first department stores such as Bazaar Francés, La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the nineteenth century. Later on in the twentieth century these eventually gave way to stores such as Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panamá, Figali, Danté, Sears, Gran Morrison and smaller ones such as Bon Bini, Cocos, El Lider, Piccolo and Clubman among others. Of these only Felix B. Maduro (usually referred to as Felix by locals) and Danté remain strong. All the others have either folded or declined although Cocos has managed to secure a good position in the market. Today major department stores aside from these two include Steven's and Collin's. There are also many discount department stores such as Conway, La Onda, Dorian's, Saks, Madison Store and El Titan among others.

Philippines Philippines' most popular department stores are: SM Supermalls and Robinsons Mall. SM Supermalls have 11 malls all over in the Metro Manila named, SM Valenzuela, SM City San Lazaro, SM City Sta. Mesa, SM City Dasmarinas, SM City Sucat, SM City Fairview, SM Southmall Las Pinas, SM Megamall & the most biggest and popular SM Supermall all over in the Philippines, SM Mall Of Asia. 10 malls all over in the Luzon (North, South & Central) named, SM City Sta. Rosa, SM City Lipa, SM City Marilao, SM City Clark, SM City Pampanga, SM City Baguio, SM City Lucena, SM Supercenter Molino, SM City Batangas & SM City Bacoor. 3 malls all over in the Visayas named, SM City Iloilo, SM City Bacolod & SM City Cebu, and 2 malls all over in the Mindanao named, SM City Cagayan & SM City Davao.

The Netherlands in Amsterdam.The most well-known departement stores in The Netherlands are De Bijenkorf, HEMA, Maison de Bonneterie, Metz & Co and Vroom & Dreesmann.

Thailand The most popular department stores in Thailand are Central Department Store which are managed by Central Group. These are the list of department stores in Thailand

Central Department Store - has 15 branches and 5 more branches in the future (2007)
The Mall - has 6 branches (2007)
Robinson Department Store has 19 branches (2007)
Zen Department Store has 1 branches (2007)

Russia .Arguably the most famous Department store in Russia is the State Universal Store in Moscow or the Petrovsky Passage.In Saint Petersburg there is The Passage extremely popular.

Singapore , established in 1845, is the oldest department store in Singapore.Most department stores are clustered around Orchard Road in Singapore. The most well-known department stores in Singapore are BHG (formally known as Seiyu Group), Isetan, John Little (department store), Marks & Spencer, Metro, Mustafa Centre, OG, Robinson & Co., Takashimaya and Tangs. Some of their branch outlets can also be found in the sub-urban shopping malls.

South Korea The three most prevalent chains are Hyundai Department Store, Lotte Department Store, and Shinsegae, which opened in 1930 as Mitsukoshi Gyeongseong store and is the oldest department store chain.Lotte Department Store is the largest, operating more than 20 stores.

Spain Spain is dominated by one department store chain, El Corte Inglés, founded in 1934. These stores tend to be vast buildings, selling a very broad range of products.

Sweden The largest department store chain in Sweden is Åhléns, which operates stores throughout the country. Its flagship Stockholm store, Åhléns City, is the largest department store in Sweden. Other large stores are Nordiska Kompaniet in Stockholm and Gothenburg, and PUB (Stockholm) in Stockholm.

Switzerland The Swiss retail market is dominated by two consumers' cooperatives, Migros and Coop (Switzerland), which also run department stores. Migros operates 12 upscale Globus (company) department stores and 34 mid-range Migros MMM centers across the country. Since the acquisitions of EPA in 2002, Coop operates its mid-range department stores under the brand Coop City. Manor (Switzerland) operates department stores throughout the country. Jelmoli and Loeb operate upscale department stores in Zurich and Berne respectively.

United Kingdom Most of the early department stores in London started out as small drapery stores which bought up neighbouring stores and increased their range of products.

Whiteleys in Westbourne Grove was first to grow to department store size. By 1867 it consisted of 17 departments and by 1890 it was operating in a purposely built department store and had over 6,000 staff employed in the business.
Barkers in Kensington can be defined as a department store by 1880, when it encompassed 15 neighbouring stores, and in 1889 the company moved into a new, large building. This was eventually taken over by House of Fraser and closed for business in 2006.
Peter Jones (department store) in Sloane Square had grown to department store size by 1890.
Harrods was reborn as a proper department store in 1889, after a devastating fire in 1883.
John Lewis (department store) in Oxford Street was a true department store by 1900.
Selfridges was opened in 1909 by the American entrepreneur Harry Gordon Selfridge, and thus became London's seventh department store.

However, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being the oldest department store in the UK and perhaps in the world. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientel for over 200 years, it was recently purchased by the House of Fraser - although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals.

In Edinburgh, Jenners saw a similar development. It starting as a drapery store in 1838, which by 1890 had grown into Scotland's largest retail store by gobbling up all the small stores in the neighbourhood. In 1895, after a devastating fire, a new ultra-modern building opened, with lavish electrical lighting, hydraulic lifts and air conditioning. Four hours after the grand opening, 25,000 people had already visited the store.

In the United Kingdom the term "department store" still refers to the traditional, classic department store, which has a wide range of independent departments with their own staff and their own Cash registers. Large discount stores with the tills located by the entrance are not regarded as department stores in the UK, although the owners may call them that. Such stores as Marks & Spencer, Britain's largest clothes retailer, and Debenhams, would therefore not be included in the British definition of a department store.

United States flagship department store in New York City with its famous brownstone at 34th and Broadway.

In the United States, companies such as Macy's, Gottschalks, Dillard's, Nordstrom, Sears, Roebuck and Company, and J.C. Penney are considered department stores, while retail brands such as Toys "R" Us, Target Corporation, Kmart, and Wal-Mart are discount department stores. T.J. Maxx, Marshalls, and Burlington Coat Factory are stores that sell designer goods at lower prices. Stores that carry a general line of groceries and other product lines similar to those of department stores are considered warehouse clubs or supercenters. Warehouse clubs require a nominal annual membership fee, while supercenters do not. Costco, BJ's Wholesale Club, and Sam's Club are examples of warehouse clubs.

Upscale Department Store Characteristics of a typical upscale department store may include:

Sale of brand name perfumes and beauty supplies, like Burberry, Calvin Klein or MAC Cosmetics at the main entrance, with specialists in cosmetics there to assist customers with applying and selecting makeup.
General sale of name brand clothes above an average price level, such as Dior, Chanel, Versace, Lacoste, etc.
When items are discounted, the price resembles that of an average priced item at a lower scale department store. (Example: A pair of jeans on sale for$80 at Nordstrom, which is an average price at Macy's.)
Sale of small household appliances like blender (device), or small electronic items such as portable radios.
Specialized services or subset businesses such as personal shopping assistance, salons, restaurants, and/or travel agencies.

Some upscale department stores that operate in the United States include national chains like Bloomingdale's, Saks Fifth Avenue, Nordstrom, and Neiman Marcus, and Barneys New York, as well as regional retailers such as Bergdorf Goodman, Von Maur, Lord & Taylor, and formerly Marshall Field's. Depending upon location, Macy's, Dillard's, and Belk are sometimes considered upscale department stores, but the chains overall are often viewed as being situated somewhere between midscale and upscale.

need to address the location to find the store in ny on lower manhattan.

Mid-Range Department Store Characteristics of a mid-range department store may include:

Sale of cosmetics.
Sale of some brand names, with greater emphasis on private label brands.
Sale of accessories.
Sale of some small household appliances.
Sale of furniture in larger locations.

Comparison to Upscale Department Store

Sale of cosmetics but generally not brand name. Fragrances and beauty supplies may be placed further into the interior of the store, without cosmetic specialists at the counters.
Greater proportion of moderately-priced brand names.
Accessories and purses aren't upscale brand names, with greater proportion of lesser-known or private label branded items.

Mid-range department stores that operate in the United States include national chains J.C. Penney and Kohl's. Regional chains such as Gottschalks and Mervyns in the western United States, and The Bon-Ton and associated stores in the northern part of the country are also among this grouping of stores.

As noted in details of upscale department stores, Macy's, Dillard's and Belk vary in price points and relative consideration as upscale or mid-range versus local competitors, depending upon location. Some larger locations in affluent areas often carry significant selections of brand name products including brand name accessories and fragrances kept in glass cases, and usually have cosmetic specialists in the beauty department. Brands at above-average price points, if offered at all, are generally limited and full product lines of such brands are not typically available. Smaller and more remote store locations — often, the legacy of acquisitions of smaller retailers — may concentrate squarely on moderately-priced merchandise. California-based Gottschalks mirrors these chains, though in a specific region with little presence in major metropolitan areas. Nationally known JCPenney has incorporated elements of upscale stores such as salons and custom home decorating services, along with offering optical shops, portrait photography studios and designer-produced private labels.

The national chain Sears, Roebuck and Company is also in this category, but often is considered a lower grade mid-range department store due to marketing a higher proportion of private label and lesser-known label goods in apparel and housewares segments. Sears differs from most mid-range department store chains in its common inclusion of departments for hardware, garden and outdoor equipment, automotive service, and large appliances and electronics — product segments more typical of discount or so-called "big box" retailers.

Discount Department Store/ Super Store

Sells cosmetics, generally not name brand.
Generally doesn't sell name brands.
Sells accessories, generally not name brand.
Sells small household appliances.
Sells toys, electronics and video games.
Sells household necessities.
The "super-store" variant usually sells food products and has a "one stop shop" vibe.

Comparison to Mid-Range Department Store

Sells fewer major brand names.
Offers a wider variety of products.
More likely to anchor a power centre than an indoor shopping mall.

Some discount department stores that operate in the United States include: ShopKo, Kmart and Wal-Mart. Although Shop Ko and Kmart are more upscale than Wal-Mart; further, Wal-Mart could be considered a "super discount department store". Target Corporation is also in this category but may be considered a more upscale Discount Department Store because it puts a greater emphasis on current fashion and on special merchandise lines from well-known designers such as Isaac Mizrahi and Thomas O'Brien.

Off-price retailer

Most products are name-branded.
Products may be over-runs, seconds, or last season's stock liquidated from department stores.
Product mix typically emphasizes women's clothing and may include men's clothing, children's clothing, shoes, accessories, perfume, toys, housewares, or packaged gourmet food.
Stores are most frequently located in power centres but may also appears in shopping malls.

Off-price retail department stores include T.J. Maxx, Factory 2-U, Century 21 (department store), Gabriel Brothers, Ross Dress For Less, Marshalls, and Burlington Coat Factory. TJX, the parent company of Marshall's and TJ Maxx, has been experimenting with Home Goods superstores that carry a larger range and variety of housewares, including furniture. About Home Goods Retrieved June 16, 2007

Gallery

Image:David Jones Elizabeth St.jpg|David Jones department store in Sydney.Image:Century 21 Department Store by David Shankbone.jpg], Lower Manhattan.

See also

List of department stores
Distribution (business)
Retailer
Marketing

References

Abelson, Elaine S. When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Barth, Gunther. "The Department Store," in City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
Benson, Susan Porter. Counter Culture: Saleswomen, Managers and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1988. ISBN 0-252-06013-X.
Ershkowicz, Herbert. John Wanamaker, Philadelphia Merchant. New York: DaCapo Press, 1999.
Gibbons, Herbert Adams. John Wanamaker. New York: Harper & Row, 1926.
Hendrickson, Robert. The Grand Emporiums: The Illustrated History of America's Great Department Stores. New York: Stein and Day, 1979.
Leach, William. Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture. New York: Pantheon, 1993. ISBN 0-679-75411-3.
Parker, K. (2003). "Sign Consumption in the 19th-Century Department Store: An Examination of Visual Merchandising in the Grand Emporiums (1846 – 1900)." Journal of Sociology 39 (4): 353–371.
Schlereth, Thomas J. Victorian America: Transformations in Everyday Life, 1876-1915. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
Robert Sobel. "John Wanamaker: The Triumph of Content Over Form," in The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition New York: Weybright & Talley, 1974). ISBN 0-679-40064-8.
Spang, Rebecca L. The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000. 325 p.
Whitaker, Jan. Service and Style: How the American Department Store Fashioned the Middle Class. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2006. ISBN 0-312-32635-1.

External links

History of The Department Store
A.T. Stewart's
— Long detailed paper describing the history of the department store
International Association of Department Stores